When you think of the guillotine, your mind likely jumps to the French Revolution. However, centuries before the streets of Paris ran red, a similar, equally brutal device was at work in the quiet town of Halifax, England. Known as the Halifax Gibbet, this early form of public execution offers a chilling glimpse into medieval justice.
Centuries of Swift (and Not-So-Swift) Justice
The Halifax Gibbet first saw use in the 13th century, a staggering 500 years before its French counterpart gained notoriety. The earliest confirmed execution dates back to 1286, when John of Dalton met his end. Over the centuries, at least 52 confirmed executions took place, though local belief suggests the true number exceeds 100. The last to face the gibbet's blade were John Wilkinson and Anthony Mitchell on April 30th, 1650.
The Mechanics of Death
Standing approximately 15 feet high on a 4-foot-high, 13-foot-square platform, the gibbet was a formidable sight. The blade itself was surprisingly simple: a 10-inch by 8-inch piece of metal, not sharpened, but relying on speed and weight to sever the head from the body. It was held in place by a pin, which was dramatically withdrawn by a cord at the moment of execution.
The Infamous Gibbet Law
The Halifax Gibbet operated under its own unique and unforgiving set of rules: the Gibbet Law. This law decreed that any thief caught or confessing to stealing cloth, goods, or animals worth at least 13 1/2d within the boundaries of Sowerbyshire or the Forest of Hardwick (which included Halifax) would be arrested. After a trial by jury, if convicted, the individual would endure six days in the town stocks before their execution on the seventh day. The Gibbet Law made no distinction between men and women, and sadly, at least five women are confirmed to have been executed by this method, their names etched into the grim history:
- July 13th, 1588: Wife of Thomas Roberts, Halifax
- February 22nd, 1603: Wife of Peter Harrison, Bradford
- November 23rd, 1623: George Fairbank & his illegitimate daughter Anna
- July 5th, 1627: Wife of John Wilson, Northowram
- December 8th, 1627: Sarah Lum, Halifax
The "Running Man" and a Glimmer of Hope
Remarkably, Gibbet Law offered a slim chance of escape. If the accused could withdraw their head after the pin was released and flee across the Hebble Brook (the then-boundary, approximately 500 yards from the gibbet), they would be granted freedom, provided they never returned to the prescribed boundaries. Two men are said to have achieved this remarkable feat: a Mr. Dinnis and the more famous John Lacey, also known as "the Running Man."
Lacey's escape in 1617 became legendary. However, his story has a tragic postscript. A few years later, he foolishly returned to Halifax, was recaptured, and ultimately met his fate on January 29th, 1623.
The End of an Era and Rediscovery
The reign of the Halifax Gibbet came to an end in 1650 when it was outlawed by Oliver Cromwell. The last two victims, Anthony Mitchell (convicted of stealing 16 yards of cloth) and Abraham Wilkinson (convicted of stealing two horses), were executed on the same day, April 30th, 1650.
For centuries, the gibbet's site was lost to time, buried under layers of rubbish and soil. It wasn't until 1839, when Mr. Bates purchased the land for a warehouse, that its gruesome past was unearthed. Workmen discovered the bodies and heads of two individuals (believed to be Mitchell and Wilkinson), and further excavation revealed the gibbet platform.
Today, a 15-foot high replica of the gibbet stands on the restored platform, erected in August 1974, a stark reminder of Halifax's dark history. The original gibbet blade, once thought lost, was miraculously discovered in 1970 in a solicitor's office in Wakefield and is now a chilling exhibit at the Bankfield Museum in Halifax.
The Halifax Gibbet serves as a powerful reminder of the brutal realities of justice in centuries past, a local innovation that predated its more famous French cousin by half a millennium, leaving an indelible mark on the town's history.
The pictures were taken on the 23rd August 2014 using a Polaroid is2132 bridge camera, clicking any of them should open a link in another window to my Colin Green Photography store on Zazzle.
All the pictures remain the copyright of Colin Green.
